Judges at the UK Supreme Court are considering how women are defined in law in a landmark case brought about by Scottish campaigners.
A lawyer acting on behalf of For Women Scotland (FWS) called on the court to find sex an “immutable biological state”.
Aidan O’Neill KC put forward the argument for FWS in its latest legal challenge against the Scottish government over whether transgender women can be regarded as female for the purposes of the 2010 Equality Act.
Mr O’Neill told the appeal hearing on Tuesday that in the Equality Act “sex just means sex, as that word and the words woman and man are understood and used in ordinary, everyday language, used every day in everyday situations by ordinary people”.
He argued Scottish ministers’ position that sex, man and woman in the Equality Act refer to “certificated sex” – as the sex on a person’s birth certificate whether or not amended by a gender recognition certificate (GRC) – is “just wrong and should be rejected by the court”.
Mr O’Neill said: “Our position is your sex whether you are a man or a woman or a girl or a boy is determined from conception in utero, even before one’s birth, by one’s body.
“It is an expression of one’s bodily reality. It is an immutable biological state.”
FWS has brought the action over the definition of “woman” in Scottish legislation mandating 50% female representation on public boards.
The case centres on whether or not somebody with a GRC recognising their gender as female should be treated as a woman under the 2010 Equality Act.
The appeal is seeking to overturn a decision by the Scottish courts in 2023 which found that treating someone with a GRC as a woman under the Equality Act was lawful.
The Gender Representation on Public Boards (Scotland) Act 2018 is a piece of legislation intended to increase the proportion of women on public boards in Scotland.
In 2022, FWS successfully challenged the original act over its inclusion of transgender women in its definition of women.
The Court of Session in Edinburgh ruled that changing the definition of a woman in the act was unlawful, as it dealt with matters falling outside the Scottish parliament’s legal competence.
Following the challenge, the Scottish government dropped the definition from the act and issued revised statutory guidance.
This stated that under the 2018 Act the definition of a woman was the same as that set out in the Equality Act 2010, and also that a person with a GRC recognising their gender as female had the sex of a woman.
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FWS challenged the revised guidance on the grounds sex under the Equality Act referred to its biological meaning and said the government was overstepping its powers by effectively redefining the meaning of “woman”.
However, their challenge was twice rejected by the Court of Session, which did grant FWS permission to appeal to the UK Supreme Court.
The Scottish government said it is unable to comment on live legal proceedings.
The appeal before Lord Reed, Lord Hodge, Lord Lloyd-Jones, Lady Rose and Lady Simler is expected to last two days.
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